Home | South Carolina Eminent Domain
South Carolina's Eminent Domain Laws and Property Rights
Meet OCA's South Carolina Attorney
Jeff Tibbals
With an established track record of success, Jeff Tibbals is an eminent domain attorney who serves clients by obtaining just compensation for landowners in condemnation matters. He also provides experienced guidance and creativity to solve other high-stakes, high-profile, and intricate real estate problems. The majority of Jeff’s cases involve questions of Constitutional law, including eminent domain and the Fifth Amendment promise of just compensation for the taking of private property for public use. Jeff has also served as a leader in South Carolina in the fight for access to justice for all citizens, chairing the South Carolina Bar Pro Bono Board for two years (2018-2019), and as a member of the Board for five years. Jeff’s cases and insights have garnered local media attention on several occasions, generally relating to the benefit of his work for both the interests of his clients and the public good.
South Carolina
Jeff Tibbals
735 Johnnie Dodds Blvd., Suite 104
Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 29464
Tel: 843.881.1623 | Fax: 843.881.4406
jst@bybeetibbals.com | www.bybeetibbals.com
Education
- Washington and Lee University, B.A., 1995
- Tulane University, J.D., 1999
- Tulane University, Certificate in Environmental Studies
Bar Admissions
- South Carolina
- Virginia (Inactive Status)
- Maryland (Inactive Status)
- District of Columbia
- U.S. District Court, District of South Carolina
- U.S. District Court, District of Columbia
- U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
Membership
- Reappointed as Chair for the City of Charleston Board of Zoning Appeals 2023-2026.
- Vice-Chair, Pro Bono Board, South Carolina Bar, 2016-Present.
- Co-Chair, Real Estate Litigation & Condemnation Committee, ABA Section of Litigation, 2012-2016.
- Chair, Nexsen Pruet, LLC Pro Bono Committee, 2007-2009; 2013-2017.
- Fellow, Riley Institute at Furman’s Diversity Leaders Initiative, 2016.
- Member, Charleston County Business License/User Fee Appeals Board, 2011-2014.
- Vice-Chair, Real Estate Litigation Committee, ABA Section of Litigation, 2011-2012.
- Co-Chair, Title Insurance Subcommittee, Real Estate Litigation Committee, ABA Section of Litigation, 2009-2011.
- Member, Board of Trustees, Charleston Stage Company, Inc., 2008-2010.
- Member, SC Bar Practice and Procedure Committee, 2008-2009.
- Carolina Yacht Club
- St. Philip’s Church
- James L. Petigru American Inn of Court
Recognitions & Honors
- Martindale Hubbell, AV Preeminent, Peer Review Rated (2012-2018).
- Best Lawyers in America® (Commercial Litigation) (2016-2017).
- South Carolina Super Lawyers “Rising Star” in Business Litigation (2012, 2013)
- The Charleston Regional Business Journal’s Forty Under 40 List (2009)
- Leadership Charleston (2007)
Property Rights in the State of South Carolina
South Carolina eminent domain actions are governed by the statutory framework set forth in South Carolina Code Section 28-2-10 et seq. This framework provides additional protections that landowners in some other states do not receive. For example, if a landowner “prevails” at trial, a landowner may recover costs and attorney’s fees. The South Carolina State Constitution also expressly protects landowners facing condemnation. The government’s ability to condemn is limited because of state courts’ narrow interpretations of the “public use doctrine.” South Carolina is somewhat unique in that it gives landowners the opportunity to stop an eminent domain action, but by initiating a separate legal proceeding known as a right to take challenge.
A SUMMARY OF SOUTH CAROLINA’S EMINENT DOMAIN LAWS
The following responses are intended to provide general information about eminent domain laws in the featured state. Such information does not constitute legal advice. Anyone interested in learning more about eminent domain law and the impact it may have on a given set of facts should consult with an OCA attorney or another attorney experienced in handling eminent domain cases.
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Who Can Exercise Eminent Domain Laws?
The State, state agencies, local municipalities, and certain utilities and other entities can exercise the power of eminent domain in South Carolina. While the State’s authority to condemn is established in the State Constitution, other governmental entities, agencies, and utilities may only condemn to the extent they have been authorized to do so under state law.
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What Are the Legal Requirements for Exercising the Power?
South Carolina condemning authorities may only take property for a public use. A use is considered “public” only if the public will have a “definite and fixed use, independent of the will of another” at the taken property. Condemning authorities are also required to comply with various procedural requirements set forth in S.C. Code Ann. § 28-2-10 et seq., such as providing an appraisal, an offer, and making a “reasonable and diligent” effort to negotiate a settlement regarding the amount of compensation.
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What Limitations or Defenses Exist?
In certain circumstances, a landowner may challenge the government’s right to condemn. The challenge is initiated through a separate legal proceeding that the landowner must bring against the condemnor within 30 days after service of the condemnation notice. In South Carolina, the eminent domain proceeding is automatically stayed until the resolution of this challenge. If the Court determines that the condemnor does not have a right to take, the landowner’s reasonable costs and litigation expenses are awarded to the landowner. However, if the Court determines that the “right to take” issue was not raised in good faith by the landowner, the Court must award the condemnor its reasonable costs and litigation expenses incurred.
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What Constitutes a Public Purpose?
South Carolina courts have narrowly defined and applied the public use doctrine in condemnation cases, thus putting a higher burden on condemning authorities to identify a clearly defined use for the property that will benefit the public at large. For example, an overly broad purpose like “economic development” with a private developer ultimately owning the underlying land would generally not be considered a public purpose in South Carolina. More commonly, proper public purposes involve taking land to improve public roadways or utility easements.
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How is Just Compensation Determined?
In South Carolina, eminent domain cases focus on the amount of just compensation owed for the taking. Landowners are entitled to compensation for the value of the property taken—generally referred to as “fair market value”—plus any decrease in value of the remaining land, adjusted for any benefits to the landowner’s remaining land due to the public project. The date of valuation for determining just compensation is the date of the filing of the condemnation notice.
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How Is Fair Market Value Defined?
In South Carolina, fair market value is generally defined as the amount a willing buyer would pay a willing seller for the property, with neither party being under compulsion to buy or sell. In other words, determining the objective market price as of the date of condemnation. The property’s “highest and best use,” even if the property is not currently being used for that purpose, is accounted for in this determination. Both landowners and expert real estate appraisers can testify as to their opinions of the property’s fair market value.
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What About Recovering Damages to Remaining Property?
By statute, South Carolina landowners are entitled to compensation for the amount of land taken plus any damages to the remainder of the property. Both landowners and expert appraisers can testify as to the amount of damages to the remainder. Such damages can include the reduced economic viability of the property due to diminished road access, limitation on the use of the property, and other variables that impact home and business owners. However, lost business profits are not compensable under South Carolina law.
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Is the Landowner Entitled to Recover Reasonable Attorney Fees? Expert Fees? Litigation Costs?
If a South Carolina landowner “prevails” against the government in a condemnation trial, the landowner may recover its reasonable litigation expenses. The expenses include attorney fees, expert fees, deposition costs, and other related trial expenses. “Prevailing” means that the just compensation awarded, exclusive of interest, is “at least as close to the highest valuation of the property that is attested to at trial on behalf of the landowner, as it is to the highest valuation of property that is attested to at the beginning of the trial on behalf of the condemnor.” S.C. Code Ann. § 28-2-510(B). This award is determined by the court after an application is made within 15 days of the entry of judgment.
REFERENCES AND LINKS
- South Carolina Eminent Domain Procedure Act Title 28, Chapter 2